A primer to in-situ opto- and spectro-electrochemistry

Electrochemistry is promising to study interfacial electron transfers and redox reactions, but its lack of access molecular structural information limits understanding on complicated systems. Complementary optical spectroscopic measurements in situ become necessary visualize the electrochemical processes, providing electronic identification reactants products. Recent advancement instrumentations nanostructures has enabled spatiotemporal resolution molecules during complex opening opportunities optically reveal intermediates, mechanisms, rates, as keys fundamental theoretical electrochemistry. This short review introduces latest techniques that are feasible for electrochemists start with, including dark-field, Raman, infrared, ultraviolet-visible-near infrared opto- spectro-electrochemistry.